Globalization and Business
type: channel
description: The international, peer-reviewed, and indexed scientific journal Globalization and Business (G&B) was established in 2016 as an interdisciplinary publication of European University. The journal’s mission is to advance the study and discourse on contemporary issues across a range of disciplines, including economics, business, education, tourism, technology, governance, and political science. By publishing rigorous, research-based analyses, the journal seeks to foster critical discussions and enrich existing debates in these fields. Through collaborations with both local and international scholars, we are dedicated to supporting the internationalization of research and contributing to the global academic community. The journal gives preference to studies that examine issues in a comparative context, ensuring that the papers are relevant and engaging for both national and international academic audiences. The journal’s primary objectives include: Fostering Scientific Innovation: Encouraging the development of novel ideas, methodologies, and advancements in the study of globalization and business. We continuously monitor all innovations in modern technologies and integrate them into the journal's activities. Providing Access to Cutting-Edge Research: We offer readers free, instant, and uninterrupted access to articles, making modern scientific works available to everyone. Supporting interdisciplinary research: connecting multiple fields across economics, business, education, tourism, technology, social issues, environmental protection, governance, and political science in order to address complex challenges related to global problems. Ensuring the Dissemination of Research: We take responsibility for bringing the research of scientists to a broader stage, making them as visible and accessible as possible to global scientific communities. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including but not limited to the following areas: Globalization and the Economic Policy of …
publisher: SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES OF GLOBALIZATION
language: en
publication name: Globalization and Business
issn: 2449-2612
items: Forecasting the Economic Impacts of Renewable Energy Transition in Hydrocarbon-Exporting MENA Economies
items: Exploring the Positive Impact of Remote Work on Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Roles of Career Plateau, Autonomy, and Trust
items: Credibility of USD Dominance in an Era of Uncertainty
items: Studying the relationship between some macroeconomic variables and economic growth in Algeria using the ARDL model
items: Gendered Roles and Family Well-Being in Georgia: A Culturally Embedded Analysis for Intercultural Family Research
items: The Failure of Regulatory Impact Assessment Reform in Georgia: An Isomorphic Mimicry Perspective
items: Islamic Banking and Economic Growth: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends (2007–2024)
items: Oil Shocks, Renewable Energy, and Growth Regimes in Algeria: A Multiple-Threshold NARDL Analysis of CO₂ Emissions
items: International Pilgrimage Tourist Routes and Their Importance in Raising the Country’s Awareness: “The Way of St. Andrew the First-Called”
items: Measuring the Relative Efficiency of Higher Education Services in Algeria Using the Data Envelopment Analysis Method
items: FinTech and Foreign Trade in Algeria: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategic Imperatives for the Banking Sector
items: Rescuing Struggling Companies through Preventive Corporate Rescue Tools: Economic Implications of the French and Moroccan Special Mandate Models
items: Georgia’s Integration into the European Union: A Synergy of Mutual Interests
items: Ukraine’s Chances of Victory Under Trump’s Presidency
items: Globalization’s Double-Edged Sword: Resource Dependency and Geo-Politics of Oil in Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA)
items: Unveiling new insights about the influence of oil prices on GDP in OAPEC nations: MMQR investigation
items: Balancing Innovation and Risk: Regulatory Frameworks for Sustainable Fintech Growth
items: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment between Organizational Justice and Job Performance
items: Sustainability Reporting as an Opportunity to Improve Governance Reporting Practices
items: The Role of AI in Personalizing Travel Experiences and Enhancing Satisfaction Among Eco-Conscious Tourists in Algeria
items: Labour Market of Georgia: Overview and Anticipated Evolution
items: Western Aspirations in Georgia’s Winemaking: Status and Prospects
items: Asymmetric Effect of Monetary and Fiscal Policy Uncertainty on the Energy Transition: Evidence from the United States
items: Sustainability Disclosure, CEO Duality, and Ownership Concentration: Evidence from Georgia
items: Hofstede’s National Cultural Dimensions in the Managerial Context (Case study)
items: Enhancing Tourism in the South Caucasus through Coopetition
items: Determinants of E-Learning Adoption by the Student in Algeria:A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
items: Bayesian Networks for Migration, International Remittances, Trade, Foreign Direct Investments, Inflation, Real Interest Rate and Employment in Georgia
items: Forms of state intervention in the health sector
items: The Impact of Industry 4.0 in The Conditions of Globalization: An Overview of Logistics Companies Originating from Turkiye

Forecasting the Economic Impacts of Renewable Energy Transition in Hydrocarbon-Exporting MENA Economies
type: item
description: This study examines the macroeconomic implications of accelerating the renewable energy transition in hydrocarbon-exporting Middle East and North Africa (MENA) economies. Drawing on annual data from 2000 to 2024 for Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Algeria, and Oman, we estimate a panel structural vector autoregression (SVAR) that treats oil prices, global demand, and national renewable policy efforts as exogenous shocks. The model captures the dynamic interplay among non-oil GDP, government revenue, labor‑market outcomes, and renewable‑energy penetration. Impulse‑response analysis reveals that a positive renewable‑energy shock leads to sustained increases in non-oil GDP and modest reductions in unemployment, while fiscal dependence on hydrocarbons declines slightly. Scenario-based forecasts to 2035 show that countries with more ambitious renewable‑energy policies, such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, enjoy the largest absolute gains in non-oil GDP, whereas smaller economies still achieve meaningful proportional improvements. These findings underscore the potential of renewable investments to accelerate economic diversification and mitigate fiscal vulnerabilities. By incorporating a domestic policy index and forecasting alternative adoption paths, the study fills a gap in exporter-specific research and provides practical insights for policymakers seeking to balance growth with the energy transition. Keywords: Renewable energy transition, hydrocarbon-exporting MENA, structural VAR, scenario forecasting, economic diversification. Introduction The energy transition is reshaping macroeconomic prospects for fossil‑fuel exporters amid record global deployment of renewables and tightening climate goals. In 2024, renewable power capacity expanded by about 585 GW to reach roughly 4,448 GW worldwide, a 15% annual increase.[1] Despite this surge, current trajectories still fall short of the 2030 tripling target set in international fora, und…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Renewable energy transition
  topic: keywords
subject: hydrocarbon-exporting MENA
  topic: keywords
subject: structural VAR
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subject: scenario forecasting
  topic: keywords
subject: economic diversification
  topic: keywords
creator: Zemri Bouazza Elamine
creator: Khetib Sidi Mohamed Boumediene
creator: Gassem Mohammed Fouad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 161
ending page: 174
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.012

Exploring the Positive Impact of Remote Work on Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Roles of Career Plateau, Autonomy, and Trust
type: item
description: Based on survey responses from public‑sector workers and the IT contractors who work with them (N = 196 for analyses), we explore how remote work is related to satisfaction through autonomy, career plateau, and trust, and the degree to which remote work serves to buffer the negative link between plateau and satisfaction. Results reveal a positive direct effect of remote work on job satisfaction (b=0.114, p=.011), with autonomy mediating a beneficial indirect path (b=0.025, p<.05) and career plateau exacerbating a negative indirect path (b=−0.087, p<.05). Trust does not emerge as a significant mediator, but remote work moderates the negative association between career plateau and satisfaction (b=0.173, p=.010), suggesting a buffering effect. The parallel-mediation model explains 39.7% of the variance in job satisfaction, highlighting the complex interplay between flexibility and career stagnation. These findings combine the work‑design and career‑plateau perspectives: remote working recrafts resources (autonomy) and constraints (plateau) together. Implications entail balancing schedule/location freedom with explicit development trajectories and visibility cues for those who are remote. Our findings contribute to theory by delineating when remote work acts as a resource or constraint, while offering practical insights for organizations navigating hybrid work models. Keywords: Remote work, autonomy, career plateau, job satisfaction, public sector, hybrid work. Introduction Remote Work, Career Plateau, Autonomy, Trust, and Job Satisfaction Remote work has now firmly entered the modern workplace. The COVID‑19 pandemic greatly sped up adoption, but its staying power builds on more fundamental changes in work design, managerial control systems, and employee preferences. Research shows potential benefits that endure (e.g., increased autonomy, better work–life balance, and, in some, increased productivity) but also continuing risks (e.g., boundary control, professional isola…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Remote work
  topic: keywords
subject: autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: career plateau
  topic: keywords
subject: job satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: public sector
  topic: keywords
subject: hybrid work
  topic: keywords
creator: Halil Zaim
creator: Vladimer Togonidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 149
ending page: 160
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.011

Credibility of USD Dominance in an Era of Uncertainty
type: item
description: The United States dollar (USD) has long served as the cornerstone of the global reserve currency system, maintaining its dominance for several decades. Nevertheless, this preeminence is increasingly challenged by a landscape characterized by geopolitical strife, shifts in economic power, and advancements in monetary technology. This paper investigates the validity of USD supremacy in light of China’s ascendance as a formidable economic force and the rising discussions surrounding a potential reversion to the gold standard. The analysis focuses on China’s expanding role through initiatives such as the internationalization of the renminbi (RMB), which aims to transform global trade and financial frameworks. Additionally, the paper considers both the historical and modern ramifications of a gold-backed monetary system, assessing its viability as a substitute for the current reliance on fiat currencies. Employing a multidisciplinary perspective, the study examines the interactions among these elements, offering insights into the durability of USD dominance and the potential for a multipolar currency landscape. Keywords: USD, renminbi, gold standard, currency weaponization, rise of China. Introduction The United States dollar (USD) has functioned as the bedrock of the international financial and economic system since the mid-20th century, acting as the principal reserve currency and enabling global trade and investment. This preeminence has been bolstered by the substantial size and stability of the U.S. economy, the robustness of its financial markets, and the political and military clout of the United States. Nevertheless, the present climate of uncertainty, characterized by evolving geopolitical alliances, economic upheavals, and rapid technological progress, poses considerable challenges to the ongoing dominance of the USD. A significant element contributing to this uncertainty is the emergence of China as a formidable global economic force. Through initiatives such …
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: USD
  topic: keywords
subject: renminbi
  topic: keywords
subject: gold standard
  topic: keywords
subject: currency weaponization
  topic: keywords
subject: rise of China
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creator: Mirza Khidasheli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 138
ending page: 148
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.010

Studying the relationship between some macroeconomic variables and economic growth in Algeria using the ARDL model
type: item
description: This study investigates the impact of exchange rate fluctuations, inflation, and oil prices on Algeria's economic growth from 1990 to 2022. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and analyzed using EViews 12, the research evaluates both short- and long-term dynamics among these variables. The findings reveal a significant inverse relationship between exchange rate depreciation and economic growth, suggesting that currency instability adversely affects Algeria’s economic performance. Similarly, inflation exhibits a negative long-term association with growth, highlighting the detrimental effects of rising price levels on the economy. Conversely, oil prices demonstrate a positive long-term relationship with growth, underscoring Algeria’s reliance on hydrocarbon revenues as a key driver of economic expansion. The model’s estimation results indicate that these independent variables collectively explain 91% of the variations in economic growth, confirming their substantial influence. These insights underscore the need for policymakers to stabilize exchange rates, control inflation, and diversify the economy to mitigate overdependence on oil. The study contributes to the empirical literature on macroeconomic determinants of growth in resource-dependent economies. Keywords: Exchange rate, inflation rate, oil price, ARDL model, economic growth. Introduction Economic growth is a key objective for all countries, whether developed or developing, due to its critical role in measuring development and societal progress. It reflects the total output of goods and services within an economy and is widely regarded as a fundamental indicator of economic performance. From a theoretical standpoint, economic growth remains one of the most significant topics in economic development, attracting the attention of prominent economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Schumpeter, who sought to identify its key determinants. Over time, economic realities have evolved, le…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Exchange rate
  topic: keywords
subject: inflation rate
  topic: keywords
subject: oil price
  topic: keywords
subject: ARDL model
  topic: keywords
subject: economic growth
  topic: keywords
creator: Miloud Ouafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 127
ending page: 137
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.009

Gendered Roles and Family Well-Being in Georgia: A Culturally Embedded Analysis for Intercultural Family Research
type: item
description: This study explores the interplay between empathy, cooperative conflict resolution, and marital satisfaction within the framework of culturally embedded gender roles in Georgian families. Situated in the context of Georgia’s post-Soviet transformation, the research examines how traditional responsibilities assigned to mothers and fathers influence emotional dynamics and family well-being. Drawing from intercultural psychology, the study considers how cultural scripts, interdependence-oriented norms, and shifting gender expectations affect marital functioning across two life stages. Quantitative analysis reveals that women report higher empathy and collaborative conflict strategies, which correlate positively with marital satisfaction. Additionally, maternal perceptions of support significantly influence children’s well-being and fathers’ emotional engagement. These findings contribute to cross-cultural psychology by highlighting how family dynamics are shaped by cultural continuity and value shifts in transitional societies. Keywords: Intercultural family dynamics, gender and culture, cross-cultural psychology, post-Soviet cultural transformation, cultural values and parenting. Introduction The well-being of a family is shaped not only by individual and interpersonal dynamics but also by the ontological structures that define gender roles within a given society. Traditional family structures, particularly in Georgia, have long assigned distinct responsibilities to husbands and wives, influencing marital satisfaction, conflict resolution, and parental engagement. However, these roles are not merely socially prescribed behaviors but also ontologically significant categories that shape individual identity and family dynamics. Many factors influence family well-being, and their impact varies. For instance, parental conflict is crucial to understanding family dynamics, as it affects children’s development and family health.[1] Cummings, Taylor, and Merrilees (2020)[2] em…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Intercultural family dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: gender and culture
  topic: keywords
subject: cross-cultural psychology
  topic: keywords
subject: post-Soviet cultural transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural values and parenting
  topic: keywords
creator: Nino Kitoshvili
creator: Ina Shanava
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 114
ending page: 126
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.008

The Failure of Regulatory Impact Assessment Reform in Georgia: An Isomorphic Mimicry Perspective
type: item
description: Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) has been promoted globally as a cornerstone of good governance, designed to ensure evidence-based policymaking and enhance state accountability. In Georgia, multiple international donors supported the institutionalization of RIA from the mid-2000s onward. Despite the enactment of legal and methodological frameworks, the reform did not yield a functioning national system and, by 2024, had effectively collapsed, abandoned by both donors and the government. This paper examines why a globally celebrated instrument failed in an ostensibly favourable context. Using a process-tracing case study of Georgia, the paper employs the concept of Isomorphic Mimicry to show how donor-endorsed reforms can persist as performative compliance - securing resources and external legitimacy - while producing limited outcomes. In this effort, the article showcases how, in parallel with its formal adoption into law, the reform fell into a “capability trap”, with civil servants overloaded and donor-driven technical support proliferating. Thus, the case illustrates how mimicry-driven reform can persist for years without achieving substantive results, sustained by a coalition of political actors, donors, and other stakeholders with short-term incentives. The analysis further traces how political-bureaucratic actors preserved prevailing routines by designing and exploiting legislative loopholes that circumscribed RIA’s formal effects. This study advances Isomorphic Mimicry and governance reform scholarship by specifying conditions sustaining mimicry (particularly, high donor density, a well-developed system of external and internal reform enablers, and bureaucratic hedging via legislative loopholes), tracing regulatory decoupling that turns RIA into box-ticking, and using Georgia’s donor-cooperation suspension as a stress test highlighting the centrality of donors in mimetic reforms. Keywords: Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA), good governance, isomorphic mimi…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA)
  topic: keywords
subject: good governance
  topic: keywords
subject: isomorphic mimicry
  topic: keywords
subject: institutional isomorphism
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgia
  topic: keywords
creator: Giorgi Khishtovani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 99
ending page: 113
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.007

Islamic Banking and Economic Growth: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends (2007–2024)
type: item
description: This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the global scientific output on the relationship between Islamic banking and economic growth. Adopting a bibliometric approach, the study covers the period from 2007 to 2024 using data retrieved from the Scopus database, a leading source for tracking academic production. The analysis was conducted with VoSviewer software, which enabled the identification of key research themes, influential authors, countries, institutions, and journals shaping the literature in this area. The results reveal that Malaysia stands out as the most productive country, followed by other Asian and Middle Eastern economies, reflecting the regional importance of Islamic finance. The findings further highlight an evolution in research focus: while early studies were mainly concerned with the resilience of Islamic banking during the global financial crisis, more recent contributions emphasize emerging issues such as financial inclusion, governance, and sustainability. Overall, the study demonstrates the diversification of research directions and the growing academic interest in Islamic finance, underscoring its potential contribution to inclusive and sustainable economic development. Keywords: Islamic finance, Islamic banks, economic growth, bibliometric analysis, VoSviewer, Scopus. Introduction Economic growth is a fundamental metric for assessing the overall performance of national economies. It’s intrinsically linked to aggregate productivity, efficient resource allocation, and the achievement of macroeconomic balances in employment, investment, and financial stability. Within this context, the financial sector is seen as a key engine of growth due to its role in financial intermediation, reducing transaction costs, mitigating information asymmetries, and ensuring the efficient allocation of capital. The banking system holds particular importance within the financial structure, providing mechanisms to mobilize financial resources and chan…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Islamic finance
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic banks
  topic: keywords
subject: economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: bibliometric analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: VoSviewer
  topic: keywords
subject: Scopus
  topic: keywords
creator: Hanane Ghorab
creator: Sara Djennad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 89
ending page: 98
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.006

Oil Shocks, Renewable Energy, and Growth Regimes in Algeria: A Multiple-Threshold NARDL Analysis of CO₂ Emissions
type: item
description: This study employs the MT-NARDL model to examine the nonlinear relationship between economic growth, oil prices, renewable energy consumption, and CO₂ emissions in Algeria over 1980–2024. Allowing GDP per capita to switch across low, medium, and high regimes, the model captures asymmetric short- and long-run responses. The Environmental Kuznets Curve is rejected: no regime yields a significant long-run effect on emissions, evidencing the absence of an automatic decoupling threshold. Renewable energy is the only robust driver of permanent carbon reduction, cutting emissions by 0.155% for each additional 1% share, despite an initial “brown-build” uptick. Oil-price shocks exert merely transitory impacts, whereas medium-growth episodes re-ignite emissions after two years. Error-correction is rapid, yet hydrocarbon dependency persists. Aligning development with climate goals, therefore, requires a coherent policy package that couples accelerated clean-energy deployment, stringent efficiency standards, and economic diversification away from carbon-intensive sectors. By foregrounding regime-dependent asymmetries, the paper offers new empirical evidence for resource-rich economies. Keywords: Algeria, CO₂ emissions, MT-NARDL, growth regimes, renewable energy, oil shocks. Introduction The relationship between economic growth and environmental protection has received widespread attention in the economic and environmental literature, as countries seek to achieve a balance between the requirements of development, on the one hand, and the mitigation of environmental degradation, on the other.[1] Economic activities, particularly those related to fossil fuel consumption, are among the main sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions,[2] placing them at the core of discussions on environmental sustainability. Conversely, renewable energy is emerging as a strategic alternative that contributes to reducing emissions and fostering the transition toward a green economy.[3] At the same ti…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Algeria
  topic: keywords
subject: CO₂ emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: MT-NARDL
  topic: keywords
subject: growth regimes
  topic: keywords
subject: renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: oil shocks
  topic: keywords
creator: Hacen Kahoui
creator: Abdelkader Sahed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 74
ending page: 88
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.005

International Pilgrimage Tourist Routes and Their Importance in Raising the Country’s Awareness: “The Way of St. Andrew the First-Called”
type: item
description: Georgia possesses a unique cultural and historical identity that encompasses a rich variety of cultural values: architectural monuments, folk traditions, music, visual arts, historical-ethnic heritage, and natural landscapes. This combination creates a significant potential for the development of religious tourism. However, unfortunately, only a small portion of this potential has been utilized. The pilgrimage phenomenon is currently experiencing a revival around the world, with long-standing shrines once again attracting seekers of spiritual self-realization. We believe that by adapting global experiences to the Georgian reality and considering current circumstances, it is entirely feasible to establish an international pilgrimage route in Georgia – The Path of St. Andrew the First-Called. This is especially relevant given that St. Andrew traveled multiple times through Georgia and beyond, with this route extending to other countries as well. For the development of religious tourism in Georgia and its popularization in the global tourism market, the most important task is to conduct intensive scientific research on this type of tourism, to create demand through new motivations for tourists, and to provide new products to the market. The work reveals the importance of international pilgrimage tourist routes, the possibility of creating new market niches, and developing new identities. With the correct and well-planned use of modern PR technologies and marketing strategies, in cooperation with international organizations, the Path of St. Andrew the First-Called has great potential as an international pilgrimage route. Keywords: Religious tourism, pilgrimage, cultural routes, The Path of St. Andrew the First-Called. Introduction In the context of modern globalization, no country can achieve successful development without engaging with the global market and coordinating its internal economic and financial policies with regional and global leaders. The diverse historica…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Religious tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: pilgrimage
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural routes
  topic: keywords
subject: The Path of St. Andrew the First-Called
  topic: keywords
creator: Nodar Grdzelishvili
creator: Maia Azmaiparashvili
creator: Laura Kvaratskhelia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 60
ending page: 73
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.004

Measuring the Relative Efficiency of Higher Education Services in Algeria Using the Data Envelopment Analysis Method
type: item
description: This study aims to measure the relative efficiency of eight Algerian university centers (Aflou, Mila, Elbayadh, Barika, Naama, Tindouf, Maghnia, Tipaza) during the 2023–2024 academic year. Data on inputs (student enrollment, faculty size) and outputs (graduates, research publications) were collected from Algeria’s Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The CCR and BCC models under input- and output-oriented frameworks revealed that 75% of centers achieved full efficiency (score=1), while 25% (notably Tipaza and Elbayadh) exhibited inefficiencies requiring 15–33% input reductions or output increases. Critically, smaller centers (Aflou, Tindouf) outperformed larger institutions despite 40% lower budgets, debunking the “bigger is better” paradigm. The study identifies three evidence-based reforms: decentralized resource reallocation (redirecting 22% of budgets from inefficient to efficient centers), dynamic enrollment caps, and research-output incentives, potentially saving 1.2 billion DA annually. Future research should implement longitudinal DEA tracking to measure reform impacts, integrate labor market outcomes (graduate employment rates), and conduct comparative studies across North African universities. By proving that strategic resource optimization, not budget expansion, drives sustainable development, this work provides a replicable model for Global South nations aligning higher education with national development visions like Algeria’s 2030 agenda. Keywords: higher education, data envelopment analysis, efficiency, university. Introduction The higher education system catalyzes societal advancement and a dynamic knowledge ecosystem that continuously establishes, challenges, and renews intellectual foundations. As a primary engine of transformation, it generates outcomes such as skilled graduates, innovative research, and evidence-based solutions that directly propel economic and social development…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: data envelopment analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: university
  topic: keywords
creator: Abid Farid Zakaria
creator: Khemloul Mohammed Belkayed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 43
ending page: 59
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.003

FinTech and Foreign Trade in Algeria: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategic Imperatives for the Banking Sector
type: item
description: This research explores the impact of FinTech on Algeria’s foreign trade and how the banking sector is adapting to digital innovation. Using a mixed-methods approach integrating statistical data with expert analysis, the study evaluates digital tools’ influence on trade activities. The findings reveal inconsistent progress: while some banks have embraced FinTech, reaping benefits in efficiency, risk management, and compliance, the industry still grapples with outdated infrastructure, regulatory inflexibility, and low digital literacy. However, signs of progress emerge, especially in mobile payments and blockchain technologies. Drawing on international case studies and regional comparisons with Kenya, India, the UAE, and Brazil, the paper identifies concrete actions to propel Algeria forward through focused investment in digital infrastructure, regulatory reform, and bank-FinTech collaboration. By systematically comparing regional trends and reviewing global implementation experiences, the study proposes specific, time-bound interventions tailored to Algeria’s institutional landscape: a phased investment plan of USD 380-470 million over five years, focused on digital infrastructure upgrade, regulatory reform, strategic alliances with mature FinTech platforms, and structured capacity building. The study sets concrete goals: cutting transaction times from 5-7 days to 24-48 hours, boosting trade finance digitization from 15-20% to 75%, and extending financial inclusion from 43% to 60% of adults by 2030. The research concludes that greater FinTech adoption in Algeria’s banking and trade sectors could improve competitiveness in global markets, but only with concerted implementation supported by institutional will and resource allocation. Keywords: Financial technology, FinTech, foreign trade, Algerian banks, trade finance, digital transformation, innovation policy. Introduction The rapidly growing field of FinTech has revolutionized finance in new ways, transforming how pe…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Financial technology
  topic: keywords
subject: FinTech
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign trade
  topic: keywords
subject: Algerian banks
  topic: keywords
subject: trade finance
  topic: keywords
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: innovation policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Almi Hassiba
creator: Awashreh Raed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 25
ending page: 42
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.002

Rescuing Struggling Companies through Preventive Corporate Rescue Tools: Economic Implications of the French and Moroccan Special Mandate Models
type: item
description: This paper presents a comparative analysis of the “Special Mandate” as a preventive mechanism for rescuing struggling companies, focusing on French and Moroccan legislation. While existing studies focus on legal doctrine, this paper addresses a critical gap by linking these legal frameworks to their tangible economic outcomes, which is essential for evaluating their true effectiveness in the marketplace. The analysis contrasts two divergent legislative philosophies. The French model is notably broad, applying to nearly all types of enterprises regardless of their legal form, reflecting a proactive stance on economic intervention. It provides detailed procedural rules governing the agent’s (mandataire ad hoc) appointment, potential conflicts of interest, and the precise scope of the mission. Conversely, the Moroccan approach is significantly more restrictive, limiting the procedure mainly to commercial “traders” (commerçants) and containing legislative gaps that create procedural uncertainty for both debtors and creditors. While the procedure’s key advantages in both systems are its confidentiality and simplicity, its purely contractual nature presents a major limitation, as its success is entirely contingent upon voluntary creditor participation, which is often difficult to secure in distressed situations. The paper concludes that the French model’s enhanced legal flexibility correlates with superior economic performance, evidenced by outcomes such as a 2.6-fold higher debt recovery rate, offering a clear, data-driven recommendation for legislative reform based on proven economic stability. Keywords: Modern bankruptcy laws, preventive Procedures, special mandate, struggling companies, company rescue, economic outcomes, investment climate. Introduction In their efforts to improve the investment climate, nations strive to enhance the legal system that governs the economic sphere. For a long time, this system followed a singular path: simplifying and facilitating the e…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Modern bankruptcy laws
  topic: keywords
subject: preventive Procedures
  topic: keywords
subject: special mandate
  topic: keywords
subject: struggling companies
  topic: keywords
subject: company rescue
  topic: keywords
subject: economic outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: investment climate
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamidi Radhwane
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 7
ending page: 24
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.20.001

Georgia’s Integration into the European Union: A Synergy of Mutual Interests
type: item
description: The aim of this article is to demonstrate the mutual interest of both parties in working together today, with a view to Georgia's full integration into the European Union. This objective is rooted in a long-standing relationship that has progressively deepened over the years, driven by shared values and a common aspiration for peace and stability in the region. To this end, we propose to examine the various points of convergence, from both a Georgian and a European perspective. These include political alignment, economic cooperation, security collaboration, and cultural exchange. Georgia has made significant efforts to align its institutions and policies with European standards, while the European Union has expressed consistent support for Georgia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. By exploring these elements, this article seeks to highlight not only the benefits of stronger cooperation but also the strategic importance of Georgia's full accession for the development of the European Union itself. Keywords: Georgia, European Union, integration, mutual interests. Introduction Some European countries are not part of the Union for various reasons (neutrality in Switzerland, fiscal freedom in Andorra, etc.), while others are applying to join. Georgia is one of these new countries eager to join the European Union, a desire marked by the Georgian population itself (82%[1]), and by the decision of the Union’s institutions to recognize the validity of Georgia’s application for enlargement on December 14, 2023. Founded after the Second World War to promote peace, prosperity, and solidarity between its member states, the European Union today is much more than just the economic and customs union it was at its inception. Today, it occupies a central position in the world’s political, economic, social, cultural, diplomatic, and strategic landscape. What’s more, it embodies an ambitious project to support and encourage democratic values, human rights, and cooperation on an i…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Georgia
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union
  topic: keywords
subject: integration
  topic: keywords
subject: mutual interests
  topic: keywords
creator: Masclanis François
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 163
ending page: 172
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.012

Ukraine’s Chances of Victory Under Trump’s Presidency
type: item
description: This article explores the potential consequences of Donald Trump’s return to the presidency on the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, with particular emphasis on the resulting geopolitical shifts and implications for global security. The analysis examines Trump’s stated positions, proposed peace plans, and their reception in both Kyiv and Moscow, shedding light on how his rhetoric and strategy may reshape the trajectory of the conflict. It further contextualizes his approach within broader transatlantic dynamics, including NATO’s cohesion, European defense initiatives, and the global response to a reoriented U.S. foreign policy. By highlighting Trump’s preference for transactional diplomacy, skepticism toward multilateralism, and emphasis on bilateral negotiations, the article considers how these tendencies may accelerate a reordering of the international system and challenge the existing liberal order. The discussion also assesses the potential ramifications for U.S. alliances and regional stability in Eastern Europe. The article concludes that while Trump’s promises of a swift peace may have rhetorical appeal, their implementation could intensify volatility and long-term insecurity in the region and beyond. Keywords: Peace negotiations, NATO and european security, Russia–Ukraine war. Introduction In 2022, the war launched by Russia in Ukraine changed the geopolitical situation in the world. It is the largest and most multidimensional conflict since the end of the Cold War, which has put an end to the existing rules-based international system and laid the foundation for a new world order. Given the multidimensional nature of the conflict, it involves all representatives of the civilized world, and its consequences directly or indirectly affect other states. Two years after Russia’s full-scale invasion, Ukraine has regained approximately 54 percent of the occupied territory, while Russia still holds onto 18 percent of the country’s sovereign territory.[1] Meanwhile, Russia…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: PEACE NEGOTIATIONS
  topic: keywords
subject: NATO AND EUROPEAN SECURITY
  topic: keywords
subject: RUSSIA–UKRAINE WAR
  topic: keywords
creator: Raul Kiria
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 157
ending page: 162
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.011

Globalization’s Double-Edged Sword: Resource Dependency and Geo-Politics of Oil in Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA)
type: item
description: Combining institutional theory of the firm with resource dependency analysis, this study explores the ever-changing geopolitics of oil and challenges of overproduction in Venezuela’s national oil company (NOC), PDVSA. It analyzes a state company's structural crisis and its limitations for growth through the lens of resource dependency theory and geopolitics of oil. Despite the recent easing of US sanctions, our findings suggest that an alternative firm strategy is rarely, if ever, viable for the company due to its international and geopolitical dependency. This paper further argues that PDVSA’s performance reflects greater alignment of crisis management with the geopolitics of resource-based development. PDVSA has pursued a strategy of ‘jockeying’ between transnational oil interests (privately-owned, Western MNEs) and non-Western oil companies from allied nations like Russia and China. Furthermore, since much of the oil windfall resulted from currency overvaluation by inefficient national and foreign capital, PDVSA has been unable to maintain a competitive advantage that could enhance its performance. This study is limited to the oil sector in Latin America, but a few examples of ‘resource nationalism’ emerging from other countries are briefly discussed. The paper concludes by discussing the policy implications of the research for oil industry managers in the context of ongoing globalization. Keywords: Embedded autonomy, resource nationalism, state-owned oil company, rentier socialism Introduction This paper examines the evolving corporate performance and crisis of Venezuela’s state-owned oil company, PDVSA, from early 2000 up to the present. Venezuela suffered an unprecedented economic collapse, most intensified by the 2017 debt default and the COVID-19 pandemic most recently. From 2013 to 2018, GDP contracted by a cumulative 47.8 percent, with inflation reaching 130,060.2 percent in 2018.[1] As oil production consistently fell for more than a decade, it collapsed …
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Embedded autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: resource nationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: state-owned oil company
  topic: keywords
subject: rentier socialism
  topic: keywords
creator: Mine Doyran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 136
ending page: 156
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.010

Unveiling new insights about the influence of oil prices on GDP in OAPEC nations: MMQR investigation
type: item
description: Employing the methodology of moments quantile regression with fixed effects (MM-QR), this research examines the influence of variations in oil prices on economic development within Arab oil-exporting nations that are affiliated with the Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC). Comprehensive data from 1990 to 2021 for eleven OAPEC member countries are analyzed. The empirical findings derived from the analysis reveal a significant and positively correlated association between the fluctuations in oil prices and economic growth, particularly when examined within the context of nations exhibiting higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) quantiles, which suggests that countries possessing elevated GDP levels tend to derive greater economic advantages from increases in oil prices. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the impact of this correlation diminishes considerably for countries situated within the lower GDP quantiles. Additionally, population growth positively affects GDP but exhibits diminishing returns over time, while exchange rate fluctuations show negligible impact on overall economic stability and growth. Keywords: Oil price fluctuations, GDP, method of moments quantile regression, population, OAPEC. Introduction Strong turbulences marked by abrupt variations in oil prices have rocked the global oil market during the past few decades. The times of highest oil price volatility were 1973, 1979, 2008, and 2020, which followed the 2019–2020 coronavirus epidemic. Because the US has run out of storage space, the West Texas Intermediate futures crude oil price saw negative trading for the first time in April 2020. The global oil market’s past indicates that macroeconomic success and fluctuations in oil prices have historically been closely correlated. Both nations that import oil and nations that export oil may experience economic instability as a result of oil shocks. Furthermore, in some oil-dependent economies, sudden and severe swings in oil prices m…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Oil price fluctuations
  topic: keywords
subject: GDP
  topic: keywords
subject: method of moments quantile regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Population
  topic: keywords
subject: OAPEC
  topic: keywords
creator: Rahima Benaini
creator: Hicham Ayad
creator: Brahim Selka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 125
ending page: 135
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.009

Balancing Innovation and Risk: Regulatory Frameworks for Sustainable Fintech Growth
type: item
description: This paper investigates the transformative impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the global financial sector, moving beyond a descriptive overview to critically examine the challenges and opportunities they present. The study synthesizes a comprehensive review of empirical data, policy documents, and industry reports, including the EY Global FinTech Adoption Index (2023) and World Bank reports (2023), to analyze FinTech adoption across diverse regions and financial service categories. The research identifies key challenges related to electronic financial transactions, including cross-border complexities, decentralized systems, and cybersecurity risks. Furthermore, it addresses the crucial need for adaptable regulatory frameworks that balance innovation with financial stability and consumer protection. Findings reveal significant disparities in FinTech adoption globally, driven by factors such as technological infrastructure, regulatory environments, and socio-economic conditions. The study highlights the potential systemic risks associated with FinTech investments and underscores the importance of international cooperation in addressing cross-border challenges. By providing a holistic perspective that integrates technological, economic, ethical, and regulatory dimensions, this paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the dynamic interplay between technology and finance. It offers actionable recommendations for policymakers, industry practitioners, and academics seeking to foster responsible innovation and ensure the long-term resilience of the global financial system. Future research directions are proposed, including evaluating the effectiveness of different regulatory approaches, exploring the ethical dimensions of AI in finance, and conducting longitudinal studies to assess the long-term impacts of FinTech on financial stability and consumer welfare. Keywords: FinTech, artificial intelligence (AI), financial regu…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: FinTech
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence (AI)
  topic: keywords
subject: financial regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: financial stability
  topic: keywords
subject: digital finance
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Bouriche
creator: Abdelkader Hamli
creator: Sihem Bouriche
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 113
ending page: 125
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.008

The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment between Organizational Justice and Job Performance
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description: The purpose of this study is to assess the mediating role of organizational commitment (OC) between organizational justice (OJ) and job performance (JP). The data was collected from 281 employees using a questionnaire approach. The data analysis used Smarts PLS for assessing the measurement and structure models. The results indicated that organizational commitment mediated the relationship between organizational justice and job performance. The results also showed that OJ has a significant impact on OC and JP, and OC significantly impacts JP. Managers must be familiar with the essential rules to improve job performance, organizational commitment, and organizational justice while also considering proper conduct. Furthermore, the necessary facilities for promoting professional advancement and training should be established to bolster banks’ current and future demands. The paper elucidates the conclusions and their limitations while also proposing avenues for further research. This study enhances the theoretical framework within organizational theory, organizational behavior, and psychological research, particularly concerning the Iraqi banking sector. However, the study advises banking industry managers to provide fairness and justice in the evaluation processes to improve employee commitment. Keywords: Organizational commitment, organizational justice, job performance, banks. Introduction Unlike in previous eras, human resources are perceived as essential to business efficiency.[1] In the past few years, academicians have debated the strategic significance of human resources (HR) in a world that is dominated by intellectual capital. The new narrative contradicts several study findings indicating that businesses frequently substitute human resources with alternative elements of production when expedient.[2] In most instances, human resources are perceived as a cost that should be reduced, particularly during challenging periods.[3] However, emerging trends provide som…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Organizational commitment
  topic: keywords
subject: organizational justice
  topic: keywords
subject: job performance
  topic: keywords
subject: banks
  topic: keywords
creator: Alaa S. Jameel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 92
ending page: 112
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.007

Sustainability Reporting as an Opportunity to Improve Governance Reporting Practices
type: item
description: The concept of sustainable accounting has emerged as a result of the development of accounting over the past forty years. Two different approaches emerged: The first is the debate about accountability, based on a completely new accounting system and designed to strengthen the sustainability strategy; The second approach is a management perspective, which is related to many sustainability terms. It can therefore be considered an extension of conventional financial management accounting. The paper discusses the purpose of sustainability accounting, stages of development, and the possibility of implementing and using two of the most important standards in Georgian companies. Key considerations and responses to the use of standards in sustainability reporting regarding disclosures have been formulated. Based on European experience, Georgia has introduced international standards for sustainable development. The goal of sustainability reporting is to reduce the negative impacts of businesses on the environment and society. The main challenge is to standardize the process of preparing sustainability reports, ensuring their robustness and reliability. The introduction of standards is important and a priority for the sustainable development of local enterprises. The early adoption of these principles represents an opportunity for the country to improve its management reporting practices as stipulated in the Law on Accounting, Reporting, and Auditing of Georgia. Contribute to the creation of a more sustainable and competitive economic environment, which ultimately ensures the creation of a European business environment. The implementation of these standards will strengthen investor confidence and create opportunities for making informed decisions. Keywords: Sustainable reporting, IFRS standards, disclosure information, production practices, economic environment. Introduction Sustainability accounting issues have appeared in the accounting of various countries over the past ha…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable reporting
  topic: keywords
subject: IFRS standards
  topic: keywords
subject: disclosure information
  topic: keywords
subject: production practices
  topic: keywords
subject: economic environment
  topic: keywords
creator: Manana Mchedlishvili
creator: Naira Tabatadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 86
ending page: 91
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.006

The Role of AI in Personalizing Travel Experiences and Enhancing Satisfaction Among Eco-Conscious Tourists in Algeria
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of AI-Driven Personalisation on traveller satisfaction and eco-conscious behavior among Algerian tourists. Data was collected from 160 Algerian travellers through a survey to understand how AI influences their travel experiences and environmental awareness. The results show a significant positive relationship between AI-Driven Personalisation and both traveller satisfaction and eco-conscious behavior. Personalization enhances travellers’ enjoyment by offering more relevant experiences and encourages more sustainable choices, such as eco-friendly accommodations and transportation. The study also identifies demographic factors that influence the effectiveness of AI personalization, including age and the use of specialized travel platforms. Younger travellers, who are more familiar with digital technologies, tend to benefit more from AI-driven recommendations compared to older tourists. These findings suggest that AI-Driven Personalisation can effectively promote sustainable tourism by improving traveller experiences and encouraging eco-friendly behaviors. Tourism providers can use AI to tailor suggestions to individual preferences, enhancing both the quality of the travel experience and the environmental impact. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of AI-Driven Personalisation, exploring its potential to shape future tourism trends and its broader impact on the industry. Keywords: AI-Driven Personalisation, eco-conscious behaviour, traveler satisfaction, Algeria. Introduction The tourism industry is one of the industry sectors affected by artificial intelligence.[1] This field is expected to transform various sectors and promoting both environmental sustainability and business success.[2] According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Tourism Organization (WTO), sustainable tourism is the “Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, add…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: AI-Driven Personalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: eco-conscious behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: traveler satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Algeria
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdelaziz Djamaa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 67
ending page: 85
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.005

Labour Market of Georgia: Overview and Anticipated Evolution
type: item
description: This study examines the trends and developments in Georgia’s labor market, with a primary focus on the period from 2013 to 2023. It is based on an analysis of current labor market conditions and relevant literature. The study identifies key drivers influencing the labor market, with particular emphasis on employers’ expectations. Notably, expanding digital access and the adaptation to advanced technologies are recognized as significant factors impacting the labor market. Additionally, the study outlines the most in-demand skills for the future workforce, which include creative and analytical thinking, technological literacy, systems thinking, expertise in artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, as well as competencies related to management, leadership, and cybersecurity. In the process of shaping future labor market policies, special attention is given to the influence of technological factors on the nature and roles of future work. The paper references studies that substantiate the growing impact of artificial intelligence on labor market dynamics. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity for coordinated approaches and strategies between labor market institutions and the education system to enhance labor market conditions and address existing and future skill mismatches. It is recommended that active labor market policies be grounded in a detailed and systematic study of anticipated labor market developments. Keywords: Future demands for skills and jobs, higher and self-employed, job creator macrotrends, employment and unemployment, drivers of changes. Introduction Reducing high unemployment rates and ensuring effective employment of the population requires the implementation of a comprehensive approach. To achieve these objectives, any policy, program, or project must involve a thorough study and analysis of the current state of the labor market. Furthermore, to ensure the desired outcomes, it is crucial to assess and forecast anticipated changes in the labor ma…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Future demands for skills and jobs
  topic: keywords
subject: higher and self-employed
  topic: keywords
subject: job creator macrotrends
  topic: keywords
subject: employment and unemployment
  topic: keywords
subject: drivers of changes
  topic: keywords
creator: Natia Zedginidze-Jishkariani
creator: Murtaz Kvirkvaia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 56
ending page: 66
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.004

Western Aspirations in Georgia’s Winemaking: Status and Prospects
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description: Since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Georgia has sought to revive its wine’s international reputation, diversify wine export destinations, and attract Western wine-loving tourists. Although much still needs to be done to decrease dependence on the Russian market and translate the aspirations into reality, Georgia has progressed in pivoting to the West. The country marketed as the Cradle of Wine has prioritized a Western orientation and holds the prospect of becoming a player in the global wine market. The recommendations provided in this paper are intended to solidify this prospect and break down barriers to entering Western wine and tourism markets. Effective promotion of Georgian wines, the cross-fertilization of wine production and wine and food tourism, and the development of domestic skills and international partnerships should go together with balancing various wine and tourist options. Export diversification should also involve complementing Georgian tradition with innovation, building on Western expertise and funding, and emphasizing premium-level wines, including natural wines. Keywords: Winemaking, Georgia, tourism, wine export. Introduction Georgia – a mountainous country between the Black and Caspian Seas, where Europe meets Asia – is now recognized as a place where wine has been made and celebrated continuously for the last 8000 years.[1] Multidisciplinary international research in archeology, paleoclimatology, chemistry, and biomolecular studies has provided the evidence behind this recognition. It was, however, a Westerner, Hugh Johnson, an English journalist, author, and wine expert, who first referred to Georgia as the Cradle of Wine in his authoritative book Vintage: The Story of Wine.[2] As Westerners were long fascinated with Georgia and interested in its wines, this paper aims to ascertain Western aspirations in Georgia’s winemaking, historically up to the present day, and to analyze the extent to which these aspirations have so…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Winemaking
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgia
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: wine export
  topic: keywords
creator: Natalia Dinello
creator: Giorgi Bregadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 41
ending page: 55
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.003

Asymmetric Effect of Monetary and Fiscal Policy Uncertainty on the Energy Transition: Evidence from the United States
type: item
description: This research attempts to investigate how uncertainty in fiscal policy (FPU) and monetary policy (MPU) affects the US energy transition. While previous literature took the total renewable energy consumption (REC) as an indicator for the energy transition, this study uses different renewable energies across different sources, including solar, hydropower, wind, and biomass. Then, the novel multivariate quantile on quantile regression (MQQR) approach and time-varying nonparametric quantile causality (TVNQC) methods were applied in the period from 2000 to 2023. The MQOQ findings demonstrate a robust asymmetry between MPU, FPU, and all renewable energy sources, where MPU has the biggest impact, meanwhile, biomass energy has the strongest relationship. This was affirmed by TVNQC, which reveals a significant time-varying causation impact of MPU and FPU on various renewable energy sources; however, the causality becomes weaker during periods of global economic uncertainty, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. These findings provide a new insight for policymakers for addressing the energy transition and sustainability challenges. Keywords: Monetary policy, fiscal policy, energy transition, renewable energy, quantile. Introduction Energy consumption served a crucial role in the expansion of different types of industries and the fast rise in the world economy ever since the start of the Industrial Revolution.[1] The bulk of this energy usage comes from polluting and non-renewable sources, it consequently caused an unheard-of increase in environmental degradation such as natural disasters, extreme weather events and greenhouse gases emissions,[2] With Carbon dioxide (CO2) represent the most significant component of greenhouse gases, making up the biggest proportion of their entire amount, where, the primary cause of the high CO2 emissions is the production and consumption of human’s activities.[3] Due to climate change and pollution consequences, the shift …
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Monetary policy
  topic: keywords
subject: fiscal policy
  topic: keywords
subject: energy transition
  topic: keywords
subject: renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: quantile
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Amine Mouffok
creator: Omar Mouffok
creator: Wassila Bouabdallah
creator: Youcef Souar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 23
ending page: 40
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.002

Sustainability Disclosure, CEO Duality, and Ownership Concentration: Evidence from Georgia
type: item
description: This study examines the determinants of corporate sustainability disclosure in Georgia, emphasizing the influence of CEO duality and ownership concentration. The absence of significant external demand for sustainability information and a robust regulatory framework often limits the voluntary release of such information. This research utilizes a sustainability disclosure scorecard developed in accordance with the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, encompassing key environmental, social, and governance dimensions. Analyzing annual reports from all listed companies in Georgia from 2018 to 2021 through descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression, findings highlight that board chair/CEO role duality and concentrated ownership significantly undermine sustainability disclosure. Specifically, CEO duality adversely affects social and governance metrics, while concentrated ownership primarily diminishes environmental transparency. These insights enhance understanding of the factors influencing corporate sustainability disclosure in emerging economies. The findings of this study may also provide valuable implications for local policymakers, who could use this information to develop more detailed and rigorous draft laws concerning sustainability disclosure requirements. Keywords: Sustainability disclosure, ESG, determinants, ownership structure, corporate governance, emerging market. Introduction It has long been recognized that business is about more than just making money, and corporate sustainability disclosure plays a significant role in enabling firms to communicate and engage with stakeholders.[1] Therefore, society in general and capital providers in particular are increasingly interested in corporate sustainability disclosure to satisfy their demand for corporate sustainability performance.[2] Previous research has extensively explored the drivers of sustainability disclosure, yet the prevailing insights predominantly emerge from markets wi…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Sustainability disclosure
  topic: keywords
subject: ESG
  topic: keywords
subject: determinants
  topic: keywords
subject: ownership structure
  topic: keywords
subject: corporate governance
  topic: keywords
subject: emerging market
  topic: keywords
creator: Erekle Pirveli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 22
doi: 10.35945/gb.2025.19.001

Hofstede’s National Cultural Dimensions in the Managerial Context (Case study)
type: item
description: Efficient management is crucial for organizational development, considering the diverse national cultures worldwide. Solid empirical and theoretical knowledge exists globally to study cultural dimensions’ role in this context. However, findings cannot be generalized to every culture, including Georgia, without local research on values and characteristics. This study aimed to identify Georgian society’s cultural dimensions, influenced by both Western and Eastern elements due to its unique geographical position and context. Understanding these dimensions is essential for effective human resource management and cross-cultural cooperation in organizations, facilitating successful business activities. The literature review highlights how national culture impacts management practices, citing studies by various scholars. The research employed Hofstede’s cultural dimensions framework, updated with insights from five major Georgian cities, using quantitative methods to ensure representative findings. Comparing the dimensional scores of cultural orientations of Polish culture studied similarities and differences, driven by shared history and regional proximity. The study’s innovative approach addresses gaps in empirical cross-cultural management research in Georgia, offering recommendations for leadership and HR management in local organizations. Hypotheses were formulated and tested using self-administered surveys and SPSS software, confirming Georgia’s individualistic tendencies and moderate long-term orientation. Differences between educational levels and national comparisons with Poland were also explored, revealing insights into cultural orientations. Limitations consider studying only two dimensions and five cities in the country. Keywords: Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, individualism vs collectivism, short-long term orientation, management. Introduction This research aimed to explore Georgia’s unique cultural dimensions, shaped by both Western and Eastern influences, …
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
  topic: keywords
subject: individualism vs collectivism
  topic: keywords
subject: short-long term orientation
  topic: keywords
subject: management
  topic: keywords
creator: Tamar Karbaia
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 139
ending page: 145
doi: 10.35945/gb.2024.18.012

Enhancing Tourism in the South Caucasus through Coopetition
type: item
description: This article explores the concept of “coopetition” as a strategic approach for enhancing tourism development in the South Caucasus region, comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The region holds significant tourism potential but faces infrastructure gaps, limited awareness, safety standards, and accessibility. Additionally, political instability, including the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict and the ongoing occupation of Georgian territories by Russia, has hindered growth. Fortunately, recent peace efforts between Azerbaijan and Armenia offer opportunities for collaborative tourism initiatives, potentially boosting economic stability. Through an assessment of tourism intelligence, competitiveness, and regional dynamics, the study identifies key areas where these countries can both compete and cooperate to attract high-value tourists. Coopetition offers a strategy for enhancing the region’s competitiveness through joint marketing, shared tourist routes, and improved cross-border infrastructure while also allowing each country to utilize its unique strengths in niche tourism products. At the same time, coopetition also poses risks, such as unequal benefit distribution and coordination challenges in aligning policies, among other issues. The analysis concludes that by balancing competition with strategic cooperation, the South Caucasus countries can boost regional tourism, attract high-value visitor segments, strengthen their global market position, and contribute to lasting peace in the region. Keywords: Tourism Policy, Coopetition, South Caucasus Region. Introduction The Caucasus region, often hailed as the cradle of European civilization, stands at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, serving as a vital cultural and geographical corridor. This unique positioning has profoundly influenced the societies within the South Caucasus—comprising Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan—leading to a rich fusion of European and Asian cultural elements. Renowned for its natural beauty…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Tourism Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Coopetition
  topic: keywords
subject: South Caucasus Region
  topic: keywords
creator: Giorgi Bregadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 125
ending page: 136
doi: 10.35945/gb.2024.18.011

Determinants of E-Learning Adoption by the Student in Algeria:A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
type: item
description: Although previous studies have confirmed the importance of e-learning systems for both students and teachers, the level of adoption of such systems in Algeria is still low. This paper aims to determine the factors influencing the adoption and use of e-learning by Algerian students. A theoretical model was proposed based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and the Technology Acceptance Model. To assess the proposed model, a survey was conducted on 300 students in Algeria, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. In the end, the findings indicate that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use significantly positively influence behavioral intention. In turn, behavioral intention influencese-learning adoption. The results also emphasize how facilitating conditions have a strong and significant impact on the adoption of e-learning. Overall, the findings shed light on the factors that influence Algerian students’ adoption of e-learning, providing clear benefits to universities in their efforts to improve their e-learning systems and student satisfaction. Keywords: E-learning, Technology Acceptance Model, Structural Equation Modeling, Student, Algeria. Introduction The rapid growth of information technology (IT) and the usage of innovative technologies has resulted in new modes of learning and teaching. E-learning is becoming common in today’s classrooms. According to El-Hussein and Cronje, e-learning is the application of wireless technology and portable mobile devices’ ubiquitous communication capabilities and user-friendly interfaces in formal learning processes. E-learning offers various benefits for the student; it enables students to continue their academic activities and obtain crucial information without being constrained by space or time. Moreover, the e-learning system is important in educational places for distance education; students can retain the educational information and materials well while saving a lot of …
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: E-learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology Acceptance Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Equation Modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Student
  topic: keywords
subject: Algeria
  topic: keywords
creator: Latreche Hela
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 113
ending page: 122
doi: 10.35945/gb.2024.18.010

Bayesian Networks for Migration, International Remittances, Trade, Foreign Direct Investments, Inflation, Real Interest Rate and Employment in Georgia
type: item
description: Migration has long been a topic of interest in Georgia, given its small economy, population, and unique history and culture. The main objective of this study is to examine the factors affecting emigration and immigration in Georgia and identify the dependencies among various macroeconomic variables, such as international remittances, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), inflation, real interest rates, and employment. Using data spanning from 2002 to 2023, the study applies a machine learning technique, specifically Bayesian Networks, to analyze these relationships. The findings are discussed, and conclusions are drawn, along with recommendations for both the government and researchers for further exploration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply the Bayesian Network algorithm to investigate these dynamics in Georgia, filling an important research gap. The results indicate that both immigration and emigration are affected by remittances paid, with emigration also being dependent on employment. It was found that remittances received and exports are directly influenced by remittances paid, while imports are affected by both exports and employment. Additionally, remittances received are directly dependent on imports, and the real interest rate is influenced by both imports and inflation (CPI). FDI is shown to be dependent on inflation, imports, and remittances received. Furthermore, both emigration and immigration are dependent on exports, imports, and remittances received, with immigration also exhibiting a dependency on FDI. Keywords: Emigration, Immigration, Bayesian Networks, Machin Learning, Remittances. Introduction Migration has been a long-standing topic for Georgia. As a small country with a limited population and economy, the country faces challenges due to emigration, particularly the brain drain - the loss of skilled workers and professionals - which hinders its development. On the other hand, immigration, particularly of skilled workers, is…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: Emigration
  topic: keywords
subject: Immigration
  topic: keywords
subject: Bayesian Networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Machin Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Remittances
  topic: keywords
creator: Nutsa Tokhadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 101
ending page: 110
doi: 10.35945/gb.2024.18.009

Forms of state intervention in the health sector
type: item
description: Any economic activity is rarely free from state intervention. State interventions mainly cover the following aspects: supply, distribution, and regulation of goods or services. State interventions in the health sector cover the same aspects. The state regulates the medical market to prevent market defects. It affects the distribution of resources by developing special rules and instructions. Antimonopoly legislation is such a mechanism of regulation. The paper discusses various mechanisms of state intervention in the health sector, including taxes and subsidies, public health care, transfer programs, and regulation. Their goal is to influence the distribution of resources and revenues in the health sector. Much of the government intervention in the health sector is aimed at reducing costs in the industry. These regulations restrict entry into the medical market, limit the industry’s inappropriate expansion, and control prices. Some regulations also try to improve the quality of treatment. Licensing of medical personnel is the best example of quality control and improvement. Keywords: state intervention, regulation, public health, taxes, subsidies. Introduction The state provides a significant portion of health care services through state hospitals (or other state health care providers) and programs. The provision of health services and social insurance programs are important means of redistributing income from high-income groups to low-income ones or from the healthy to the elderly. The regulatory role of the state is carried out through various government agencies that affect almost all sectors of the economy and individual employees. The state can use various mechanisms to influence the distribution of resources and income. The main instruments in the health sector are taxes and subsidies, public health provision, transfer programs, and regulation. The paper discusses various mechanisms of state intervention in the health sector, including taxes and subsidies, pub…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: State intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Public health
  topic: keywords
subject: taxes
  topic: keywords
subject: subsidies
  topic: keywords
creator: Tengiz Verulava
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 91
ending page: 97
doi: 10.35945/gb.2024.18.008

The Impact of Industry 4.0 in The Conditions of Globalization: An Overview of Logistics Companies Originating from Turkiye
type: item
description: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Industry 4.0 technologies on the survival and competitiveness of logistics companies based in Turkiye, a developing country, within the global landscape. From a qualitative study perspective, it aims to elucidate the positive and negative effects of Industry 4.0 applications on the logistics sector while also discussing recommendations to mitigate or eliminate these negative impacts. Based on the results of the semi-structured interview analysis, it can be asserted that the positive impacts of Industry 4.0 applications increase proportionally with the scale of a firm. Besides, if the R&D investments are enhanced in the logistics industry operating in Turkiye, it is expected that the negative effects will be more likely to be mitigated. According to findings from interviews, the preliminary anticipated effect of Industry 4.0 applications on the logistics sector is improved efficiency, while the primary barrier to its adoption is identified as the inadequacy of infrastructure and education. Keywords: industry 4.0, logistic sector, developing countries, globalization. Introduction The advent of the fourth industrial revolution, also called Industry 4.0, characterized by the integration of advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and big data analytics, has significantly transformed various sectors worldwide.[1] Particularly, one of these sectors, logistics, has experienced profound changes as Industry 4.0 offers potential benefits such as increased operational efficiency, improved supply chain management, and increased global competitiveness. In an era of globalization, where economies are increasingly interconnected, these technological advancements are essential for maintaining competitive advantage.[2] As an important developing country, Turkiye, with a strategic geographical location, plays a crucial role in international logistics and trade. Th…
subject: Publishing permissions
  topic: section
subject: industry 4.0
  topic: keywords
subject: logistic sector
  topic: keywords
subject: developing countries
  topic: keywords
subject: globalization
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatmanur Avar Caliskan
creator: Mustafa Gersil
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 83
ending page: 90
doi: 10.35945/gb.2024.18.007